Programming Fundamentals

Lectures for Programming Fundamentals

Introduction to C++

C++ Standards

C++ is standardized as ISO/IEC 14882. Currently, there are two versions:

1. C++98 (ISO/IEC 14882:1998): 1st standard version of C++.
2. C++03 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003): minor "bug-fix" to C++98 with no change to the language. Commonly refer to as C++98/C++03 or First C++ standard.
3. C++11 (ISO/IEC 14882:2011): 2nd standard version of C++. Formerly called C++0x, as it was expected to finalize in 200x. It adds some new features to the language; more significantly, it greatly extends the C++ standard library and standard template library (STL).

C++ Features

1. C++ is C. C++ supports (almost) all the features of C. Like C, C++ allows programmers to manage the memory directly, so as to develop efficient programs.
2. C++ is OO. C++ enhances the procedural-oriented C language with the object-oriented extension. The OO extension facilitates design, reuse and maintenance for complex software.
3. Template C++. C++ introduces generic programming, via the so-called template. You can apply the same algorithm to different data types.
4. STL. C++ provides a huge set of reusable standard libraries, in particular, the Standard Template Library (STL).

C++ Strength and Pitfall

C++ is a powerful language for high-performance applications, including writing operating systems and their subsystems, games and animation. C++ is also a complex and difficult programming language, which is really not meant for dummies. For example, to effectively use the C++ Standard Template Library (STL), you need to understand these difficult concepts: pointers, references, operator overloading and template, on top of the object-oriented programming concepts such as classes and objects, inheritance and polymorphism; and the traditional constructs such as decision and loop. C++ is performance centric. The C++ compiler does not issue warning/error message for many obvious programming mistakes, undefined and unspecified behaviors, such as array index out of range, using an uninitialized variable, etc, due to the focus on performance and efficiency rather than the ease of use - it assumes that those who choose to program in C++ are not dummies.
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